Glossary

Get a personalized doctor discussion guide

Trying to get your loved one a specific diagnosis can be overwhelming, but starting the conversation with your doctor doesn't have to be. This customizable tool was designed to help you gather and organize the information you'll need to make the most of that discussion.*

*This tool isn't meant to be used as a screening or diagnostic tool for your loved one.

The materials included on this website are for informational purposes only—not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other healthcare provider regarding any questions on a medical condition or treatment. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen on this website.

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Tips for your appointment

As you prepare for your next appointment, remember you are your loved one's best advocate. Your doctor needs to know if you have any questions or concerns so they can deliver the best care and treatment options that fit your lifestyle. Here are a handful of tips that have helped other caregivers in the same position.

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Gather footage

If you can, try to record your loved one’s seizures through videos or photos. This can help your doctor see exactly what you’re seeing. We know it’s not always easy in the moment, but capturing what happens whether through recordings or detailed notes in a logbook can be an important step toward getting the right care.

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Write your questions down

Write down the questions you want to ask beforehand so you can keep the conversation with your doctor focused on what you need to know. You may even consider reaching out early on to get on the same page about the questions you will want answered. And remember, there are no bad questions! You and your doctor are on the same team so don't be afraid to ask anything.

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Set goals for your loved one

Determine what you are hoping to get out of your appointment. There are no right or wrong answers and everyone's goals may be different. Consider what feels right for you and your loved one.

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Bring something to take notes

Bring a notepad so you can write down everything you and your doctor discuss, or ask them if they're comfortable with you recording the appointment so you can take notes afterward. This can reduce the stress of needing to remember everything. Your notes will also be helpful for others in your care team who were not able to attend the appointment.

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Consider inviting someone for emotional support

If you can, bring a friend or family member with you to act as a second set of ears, potential note taker, or just to have as emotional support. Sometimes there's a lot of information being presented all at once, which can naturally feel overwhelming.

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Finding the right doctor

This can be one of the most important steps toward a specific diagnosis. 

Finding a specialist can make a world of difference

If you can, try to seek out a specialist such as an epileptologist who has experience working with rare and severe epilepsies.

Trust your instincts. If progress feels stalled, getting a second or third opinion is completely okay. If you need to travel for an appointment, there may be resources to help with travel, lodging, or even virtual visit opportunities.

Click the button below to find a doctor recommended by the LGS Foundation who specializes in LGS and other epilepsy syndromes.

Find a specialist

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“We had trouble finding a neurologist who we could really partner with, but we eventually found one. She was very kind and understanding and diagnosed my son with LGS when he was 5½ years old.”

Jon, father of an adult living with LGS

More to explore:

Learn about a treatment option for LGS

Treatment option

Get additional information & support

Resources and FAQs

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Autism
  • A neurodevelopmental disorder that can exhibit characteristics such as deficits in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests 
  • Autism is more common in males than females, with an estimated ratio of around 3:1 
Cerebral palsy
  • A neuromotor disorder caused by an injury to the developing brain before or shortly following birth 
  • Development of movement, muscle tone, and posture can be affected 
Developmental delays
  • Refers to when a child does not achieve developmental milestones in comparison to peers of the same age range 
  • Examples include lack of engagement with age-appropriate toys, speech delays, or other delays identified by a doctor 
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • A diagnostic test that measures electrical activity in the brain using small electrodes attached to the scalp 
  • It is commonly used to detect abnormalities related to epilepsy and other neurological disorders 
Epileptologist
  • A neurologist who has undergone specific training in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy 
  • Epileptologists focus on the management of patients with epilepsy 
Genetic mutation
  • A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene 
  • Some genetic mutations are hereditary, while others occur spontaneously 
  • Certain mutations are linked to specific medical conditions, including some forms of epilepsy 
Immune disorders
  • Disorders that result from a dysfunction in the immune system, which may be overactive or underactive 
  • Some immune disorders are thought to contribute to the development of epilepsy and other neurological conditions 
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS)
  • Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a rare form of epilepsy that usually begins in childhood and is associated with multiple kinds of seizures
Metabolic disorders
  • A group of disorders that affect the body's ability to convert food into energy 
  • These disorders can be genetic and may lead to a variety of health issues, including developmental delays and neurological symptoms 
Neurologist
  • A medical specialist who diagnoses, manages, and treats disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscles 
  • Neurologists often serve as the first point of contact for patients with neurological symptoms 
Paroxysmal fast rhythms
  • Paroxysmal fast rhythms, also known as generalized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA), are patterns of neural activity consisting of 8–26 Hz bursts of generalized rhythmic discharges 
  • Paroxysmal fast rhythms have traditionally been associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 
Refractory epilepsy
  • May also be referred to as “uncontrolled,” “intractable,” or “drug-resistant” epilepsy 
  • Occurs when a person has failed to become (and stay) seizure free with adequate trials of 2 appropriately selected antiseizure medications 
Refractory Epilepsy Screening Tool for LGS (REST-LGS)
  • A questionnaire-based tool developed by experts to improve both the identification and treatment of patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS)
  • Helps providers to assess the likelihood that a patient has LGS based on four major symptoms and four minor features commonly associated with LGS 
Slow spike-wave pattern (SSW)
  • Refers to a pattern seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) characterized by slow, high-amplitude spike-and-wave discharges 
  • This pattern is often associated with specific types of epilepsy, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS)
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
  • Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic condition characterized by the development of noncancerous tumors that may cause a range of symptoms, including seizures